A high ankle sprain is caused by an inversion or dorsiflexion trauma to the syndesmosis, usually resulting from a sudden twisting, turning or cutting motion while a person is running or jumping.

Ankle instability is caused by injury to the lateral [outside] ankle ligaments. This usually causes strain or stretch, and in more severe forms, causes a sprain or tear in the ligaments.

The talus is predisposed to (AVN), or bone death due to ischemia, owing to its unique structure, characteristic extraosseous arterial sources, and variable intraosseous blood supply.

Arthritis in the ankle can lead to pain, swelling, deformity, and instability in the ankle joint. Ankle arthritis affects the tibiotalar joint, which forms between the shin bone (tibia) and ankle bone (talus). The incidence of ankle arthritis is five to 10 times less than arthritis of larger joints like the hip and knee

A sprained ankle is the stretching or tearing of ankle ligaments, which support the joint by connecting bones to each other. Inversion ankle sprains are the most common type and are caused by twisting the foot inward, resulting in damage to the outer ligaments as they are stretched. Most ankle injuries occur either during sports.

A talar dome lesion is an injury to the cartilage and underlying bone of the talus within the ankle joint. It is also called an osteochondral defect (OCD) or osteochondral lesion of the talus (OLT). “Osteo” means bone and “chondral” refers to cartilage.

Arthroscopy is an important diagnostic and therapeutic technique for management of disorders of the joints. Ankle arthroscopy can be useful in treating a variety of intra-articular disorders, which may be caused by trauma or by degenerative, inflammatory, or neoplastic conditions.

The arthroscopic assisted ankle arthrodesis (AAAA) is a minimally invasive procedure for end-stage ankle arthritis with numerous benefits like faster time of union, insignificant blood loss, less morbidity, less infection rate, and less soft tissue complications.

Preoperative planning is very important when performing an osteotomy for deformity correction. The sagittal plane osteotomy is performed with the mid-portion of the osteotomy in the sagittal plane midway between the medial and lateral cortex centered over the deformity.

Pilon fractures are challenging to manage because of the complexity of the injury pattern and the risk of significant complications. The soft tissue injury and handling of the soft tissue envelope are crucial in pilon fracture outcomes.